According to these jurors, this case is best explained in terms of the: The tendency to favor one's own group, the group with whom we share a common identity, is called: Kelly is a Republican and Carlos is a Democrat. Altemeyer, B. This is the term that refers to a positive attitude . an unjustifiable (and usually negative) attitude toward a group and its members. What is the correct present tense conjugation of the verb? Mr. Wong, a high school teacher, tells his class that he thinks boys tend to be less anxious and, thus, give better speeches than girls. One student admitted that he had once considered becoming an accountant but decided against it because "accountants are all boring number crunchers without an ounce of creativity." People who score higher on the scale show more ingroup favoritism in comparison with those who score lower on it (Stangor & Thompson, 2002). Although this is unfair, sometimes the automatic associationsoften driven by societys stereotypestrump our own explicit values (Devine, 1989). Blatant bias is not a thing of the past, however. lowering the value of ones house; fewer openings in the school; etc.). Chapter 9 Flashcards | Chegg.com b. prejudice. In the context of the relationship between religion and racial prejudice, if one defines religiousness as church membership, then the more religious people have ________. Since 1946, the average midterm loss for the president's party is 25 seats. For example, the SDO gender difference (men higher, women lower) appears all over the world. Discrimination is a behavior bias against a person (or group) based on stereotyped beliefs about that group. d. less; less, The Language of Composition: Reading, Writing, Rhetoric, Lawrence Scanlon, Renee H. Shea, Robin Dissin Aufses, Literature and Composition: Reading, Writing,Thinking, Carol Jago, Lawrence Scanlon, Renee H. Shea, Robin Dissin Aufses. Own Definition & Meaning - Merriam-Webster Pages 14 Group-serving bias is the tendency to make more favorable attributions about our ingroups than our outgroups. . This comment is an example of: Describing positive behaviors by an ingroup member in terms of his or her general disposition, but describing the same behavior by an outgroup member as a specific, isolated act reflects: Elliot Aronson, Robin M. Akert, Samuel R. Sommers, Timothy D. Wilson, Elliot Aronson, Robin M. Akert, Timothy D. Wilson, iGCSE PE 10.1 Leisure and Recreation / The Gr. Prejudice, Discrimination, and Stereotyping | Noba C) a win-win solution. Confirmation bias occurs from the direct influence of desire on beliefs. When she gets home in the evening, she criticizes her friend's choice of restaurant for dinner. Hanna overcriticizes him for minor errors. Which of the following is true of violent male criminals? His action is best explained in terms of the, Aggression-replacement programs are most likely to advise parents to avoid, In contrast to watching violence on television, participating in violent video games involves, The mere exposure effect refers to the fact that people. _____ refers to the tendency to view the world through one's own cultural filters.a) Conservatism b) Relativism c) Ethnocentrism d) Ableism ANS: c A-head: Culture and Intergroup Relations REF: 363 Feedback: Ethnocentrism is the tendency to view the world through one's own cultural filters. The finding that the greater the number of people who witness an emergency, the less likely any one of them is to help, the tendency for individuals to increase their liking for something they have worked hard to attain, apprehension about confirming negative stereotypes related to one's own group, the tendency to draw a general impression about an individual on the basis of a single characteristic. What term describes the tendency to recall faces of ones own race more Receives a utility bill on July 2 totaling $4,560 for services received during June. This is an example of: individuals sometimes perform poorly when apprehensive about being stereotyped. Female 1: I have my ups and downs just like anybody else. Influence (conforming) resulting from a person's desire to gain approval or avoid disapproval. This best illustrates, Social loafing referes to the tendency for people to, Exert less effort when they pool their efforts toward a common goal. . Dovidio, J. F., & Gaertner, S. L. (2010). What Is Outgroup Bias? | Definition & Examples 33. ch 9 quiz Flashcards | Quizlet Does the sender (maker) of a debit memorandum record a debit or a credit in the recipients account? University of Houston. Although categorizing can be useful, it can also result in serious and negative consequences when labels are associated with a person or groups worth. Where stereotypes are related to thinking, prejudices are more emotional in nature. Historical examples abound. the tendency to favor one's own group quizlet - labinsky.com Chapter 13 Psychology Flashcards | Quizlet Alex is likely to conform to their opinion if, He feels insecure in his role as a new member of the team, After hearing respected medical authorities lecture about the value of regular exercise, Raul, who has rarely exercised, begins to jog regularly. Most people have a positive view of themselves. If someone is in our "ingroup," we are more likely to trust them. Cindy's reaction best illustrates, People's physical attractiveness is unrelated to their, In an experiment by Dutton and Aron, one group of men were asked by an attractive woman to complete a short questionnaire immediately after they had crossed a swaying footbridge suspended 230 feet above the Capilano River. They prescribe "proper" behavior. Prejudice. Social Psychology Flashcards | Quizlet "teachers" were deceived and frequently subjected to severe stress. Thus, those high inSDO see groups as battling each other for these resources, with winners at the top of the social hierarchy and losers at the bottom (see Table 1). A) Having a limited, narrow, or self-centered perspective. (Fiske, Cuddy, & Glick, 2007). Three pathways by which self-concept can shape how we communicate are self-esteem, self-monitoring, and Multiple Choice self-serving bias. Spontaneously, people categorize people into groups just as we categorize furniture or food into one type or another. unconsciously mimicking others expressions, postures, and voice tones to help us feel what they are feeling, tendency to believe that something is true simply because it has been repeated many times, the tendency for people to take personal credit for success but blame failure on external factors. In the context of distinctiveness, you are most likely to introduce your roommate to your friends as: When the British made a group of German civilians walk through a concentration camp at the close of World War II, one German responded: "What terrible criminals these prisoners must have been to receive such treatment." c. animals can be bred for aggressiveness. a. cognitive dissonance. The result is seeing people who live in subsidized housing, or who like comic books, or who are religious, or who have autism as one homogenous group with little variation. A., & Mellott, D. S. (2002). (tn dn si) n., pl. Examined the impact of conformity with his famous Line Perception experiment. For instance, the constitution of the United States attempted to ensure that all people were represented by the government and could participate in the creation of government. Measuring individual differences in implicit cognition: The implicit association test. This is how the IAT works: measuring tiny differences in the time it takes you to make judgments. The girls' belief best illustrates: Daniel does not get the desired salary hike during his annual appraisal. All of the following are examples of measures of central tendency ethnocentrism . Joie, age 19, is a Black female university sophomore. In order for a transaction to be recorded in a business accounting records, the effects of the transaction must be faithfully represented. (1974). Solved The tendency to favor an idea, person, or thing over - Chegg to have power or mastery over. For example, someone high in SDO would likely be upset if someone from an outgroup moved into her neighborhood. These maps of the group terrain predict specific types of discrimination for specific kinds of groups. For example, if two classes of children want to play on the same soccer field, the classes will come to dislike . A change in behavior following a demand from an authority figure. This best illustrates the perceived value of, The tragic murder of Kitty Genovese outside her New York apartment stimulated social-psychological research on. High rates of violence are most common among those who experience minimal levels of: Manson, J. H. (2020). Bodenhausen, G. V., & Peery, D. (2009). An expectation that people will help those dependent upon them. C) a perceived incompatibility of actions or goals. Use each of these words in a sentence that reflects the word's meaning in the chapter. Next, categorization can also lead to prejudice. This way of perceiving and making . To illustrate this pattern, we turn to two ideologies related to bias. c. frontal lobes Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like True or false: Prejudice definitions can include positive or negative judgments., Prejudice is having a negative attitude toward groups or individuals, whereas _____ is when those attitudes turn into behaviors toward the group or individual., In the context of the world, every race is a: and more. d. oxytocin. Instead, when he returns home, he shouts at his son for playing video games. Like the guard at night saying: Who goes there, friend or foe? If the other group has good, cooperative intentions, we view them as warm and often consider them part of our side. However, if the other group is cold, we often view them as a threat and treat them accordingly. Here, it is because this outgroup member brings in values or beliefs that the person high in RWA disagrees with, thus threatening the collective values of his or her group. For example, when our awareness of our attitudes and of our actions clash, we can reduce the resulting discomfort by changing our attitudes. nearness; the greater the exposure one has to another person, the more one generally comes to like that person. Confirmation Bias: Definition, Signs, Overcoming - Verywell Mind b. the foot-in-the-door-phenomenon. Unjustified negative action towards a member of a group because they belong to that group. Armstrong Publishing had 25% of its sales in mysteries, 10% in biographies, 15% in cookbooks, 15% in romance novels, 20% in science, and the rest in business books. Right-wing authoritarianism, left-wing authoritarianism, and pandemic-mitigation authoritarianism. This sends subtle cues to the applicant that she is not being taken seriously, is not a good fit for the job, or is not likely to get hired. b. the mere exposure effect. social identity theory | Definition, History, Examples, & Facts b. Returning to an example from earlier, the homeowner high in SDO may dislike the outgroup member moving into her neighborhood because it threatens ones economic resources (e.g. Psychology- CH. 11 intergroup relations Flashcards | Quizlet Identities are not so simple, but maybe as the 21st century unfurls, we will recognize each other by the content of our individual character instead of against the backdrop of stereotypes. ________ is a tendency to favor one's own group. The theory that we explain someone's behavior by crediting either the situation (external) or the person's disposition (internal). They are Canadian, or fans of Manchester United, or are doctors. Notably, the combination of high RWA and high SDO predicts joining hate groups that openly endorse aggression against minority groups, immigrants, homosexuals, and believers in non-dominant religions (Altemeyer, 2004). swissworld: saisons How can people learn to get along with people who seem different from them? However, to justify preferential treatment, people often exaggerate the differences between their in-group and an outgroup. Psychology. D) GRIT. People who score high on SDO believe that some groups are inherently better than others, and because of this, there is no such thing as group equality. At the same time, though, SDO is not just about being personally dominant and controlling of others; SDO describes a preferred arrangement of groups with some on top (preferably onesown group) and some on the bottom. For example, a person might not have ever been to a Hindu wedding, but their experience of weddings as a general category can help them know what to expect and how to behave. ppp and mmm, and check their signs. In the abstract these mental maps can help us understand how to interact with new people based on educated guesses about their category. The results from research using the IAT are consistent with social identity theory. Around nine-in-ten Americans favor some form of marijuana legalization, according to an April 2021 Pew Research Center survey.An overwhelming majority of U.S. adults (91%) say either that marijuana should be legal for medical and recreational use (60%) or that it should be legal for medical use only (31%).Just 8% say the drug should not be legal in any form. Exam 1 Dr. The jury deliberated on the rape case for over 8 hours. divided her class into blue eyes and brown eyes to teach her kids about discrimination. If people do not want to invite Margaret on vacation because they fear that she will move too slowly (a common view of older people) then they are discriminating against her. The frustration-aggression principle most clearly applies to individuals with higher-than-average levels of: Highly dominating, highly authoritarian personalities. tendency. B) the tendency to overestimate the impact of personal dispositions on another's behavior. According to Milgram, the most fundamental lesson to be learned from his study of obedience is that. Tendency - Definition, Meaning & Synonyms | Vocabulary.com How often do you hear people criticizing groups without knowing anything about them? 2. We categorize people according to their citizenship, gender, allegiance to a sports team, and university affiliation, among other qualities. (d) Put a=1/2a=1 / 2a=1/2. Biases can explicit (overt and conscious) or more implicit (automatic, ambiguous, and ambivalent). Liking yourself and the groups to which you belong is natural. Yosef, who is of Jewish origin, joins her unit as a trainee. This can be expressed in evaluation of others, in allocation of resources, and in many other ways. Even ordinary people, without any particular hostility, can become agents in a destructive process. Explaining behaviors based on outside factors influencing and individual. The Milgram obedience experiments were controversial because the: "Teachers" were deceived and frequently subjected to stress. She tends to overpraise his achievements in order to avoid appearing biased. model of love based on three components: intimacy, passion, and commitment; several types of love exist, depending on the presence or absence of each of these components. In Juries, Lawyers Now Favor the Uninformed - The New York Times - CNBC Log in Join. RWA respects group unity over individual preferences, wanting to maintain group values in the face of differing opinions. Examined the impact of obedience to authority with his controversial Shock experiment. d. vivid cases. This best illustrates that victim blaming is fueled by: Social psychologists have developed several ways to measure this automatic preference, the most famous being the Implicit Association Test (IAT; Greenwald, Banaji, Rudman, Farnham, Nosek, & Mellott, 2002; Greenwald, McGhee, & Schwartz, 1998). This is an example of: Elena's boss fires her because he is downsizing his company. Unfortunately, even when some countries have created legal protections, they thought that equality applied to only select groups. (Extremes). Tendency - definition of tendency by The Free Dictionary An unjustifiable attitude toward a group and its members. living in a nice neighborhood denotes ones place in the social hierarchya place reserved for ones in-group members). Another example includes people who feel benevolent toward traditional women but hostile toward nontraditional women. B) an unjustifiable attitude toward a group and its members. This means, potentially, that there is left-wing authoritarianism that promotes conventional progressive values and seeks to silence dissenting voices (Manson, 2020). the tendency to favor one's own group quizlet (2010), since the Iraq war, Americans with a strong national identity expressed the most disdain for: People redirect their hostility when the cause of their frustration is intimidating or unknown. D) the effects of exposure to violent pornography. At the time it was written, however, women and minorities (especially enslaved people) were not included in this sentiment. Quia - AP Psychology Ch.16 Social Intergroup bias. Devine, P. G. (1989). After three months of riding the 8:30 bus to work, Cindy has actually started to feel affection for the gruff and scowling old bus driver. Betty and Tina are in the third grade. We identify o We compare Ingroup bias o Tendency to favor ones own Social Psychology Ch 9 (Prejudice) Flashcards | Quizlet The phenomenon that repeated exposure to novel stimuli increases liking of them. . It might be easy to dismiss the IAT findings of the all-too-human tendency toward faster, more favorable processing of ones own group. Explanation: It is not true that narcissism is the tendency to view one's own culture or group as superior to others. Word, C. O., Zanna, M. P., & Cooper, J. Plan a vacation in Switzerland that centers around its natural landscape. Monoamine oxidase A (MAOA) is sometimes called the ________ gene. Unselfish regard for the welfare of others. the preference for order, clarity, and conventional values) and conservative beliefs. Like stereotypes, prejudice is a bias against people based on their group membership. He believes in strict obedience to authority and is intolerant of weakness in others. The phrase "not in my backyard," shortened to "NIMBY," seems to have appeared first in the mid-1970s. Also called the cross-race effect and the own-race bias, the tendency for people to believe the world is just and that people therefore get what they deserve and deserve what they get, physical or verbal behavior intended to hurt someone, the principle that frustrationthe blocking of an attempt to achieve some goalcreates anger, which can generate aggression, the phenomenon that repeated exposure to novel stimuli increases liking of them, an aroused state of intense positive absorption in another, usually present at the beginning of a love relationship, the deep affectionate attachment we feel for those with whom our lives are intertwined, a condition in which people receive from a relationship in proportion to what they give to it, revealing intimate aspects of oneself to others, unselfish regard for the welfare of others, the tendency for any given bystander to be less likely to give aid if other bystanders are present, the theory that our social behavior is an exchange process, the aim of which is to maximize benefits and minimize costs, an expectation that people will help, not hurt, those who have helped them, an expectation that people will help those dependent upon them, a perceived incompatibility of actions, goals, or ideas, a situation in which the conflicting parties, by each rationally pursuing their self-interest, become caught in mutually destructive behavior, mutual views often held by conflicting people, as when each side sees itself as ethical and peaceful and views the other side as evil and aggressive, shared goals that override differences among people and require their cooperation, Graduated and Reciprocated Initiatives in Tension-Reductiona strategy designed to decrease international tensions. which people belonged to were an important source of pride and self-esteem. The scientific study of how we think about, influence, and relate to one another. Social dominance orientation (SDO) describes a belief that group hierarchies are inevitable in all societies and are even a good idea to maintain order and stability (Sidanius & Pratto, 1999). tendency: 1 n an inclination to do something Synonyms: leaning , propensity Type of: inclination that toward which you are inclined to feel a liking n an attitude of mind especially one that favors one alternative over others "a tendency to be too strict" Synonyms: disposition , inclination Types: show 31 types. Solved ________ is a tendency to favor one's own group. | Chegg.com The tendency for observers, when analyzing another's behavior, to underestimate the impact of the situation and to overestimate the impact of personal disposition. Assume that p,q,rp, q, rp,q,r, and sss represent propositions, Like SDO, there does appear to be an association between this ideology (i.e. Group-serving bias (or ultimate attribution error). In individualistic cultures, what is NOT one of the four beliefs that parents have identified as necessary for adolescent autonomy? Being aware of our own tendency to fixate on the negative is also important. When it comes time to categorize ice cream as good or bad, you may still categorize it as good, but you will likely be a little slowerperhaps even fractions of a second slower-- in arriving at this judgment. B) become more extreme in their opinions following group discussion. We identify o we compare ingroup bias o tendency to. They have been chosen for their school team to participate in a math competition against other local schools. She goes against the common idea of older adults as being weak or unhealthy. It was considered acceptable to openly disparage entire groups of people and to pass laws that restricted or harmed these groups. Black people tend to dress pretty much alike. Trellis8. Finally, the tendency to categorize can be associated with discrimination. Today, there is a greater appreciation of the fact that not all biases are overt hostility based on a personal animosity toward members of a group. Comparisons of identical and fraternal twins highlight the impact of ________ on aggression. The non-rival out-group acts as a reference . Dispositional (Internal) Attribution Theory. Stronger responses on simple or well-learned tasks in the presence of others. Here are some more examples that are actually prejudice, watch what you say! Ingroup favoritismthe tendency to favor members of one's own group over those in other groupsis well documented, but the mechanisms driving this behavior are not well understood. Distinguish blatant biases from subtle biases. (a) Find the demand functions, x(p,m)x^*(p, m)x(p,m) and y(p,m)y^*(p, m)y(p,m). According to Gallup's polling . Verbal behavior intended to hurt another person is an example of: As the world becomes more interconnectedmore collaborations between countries, more intermarrying between different groupsmore and more people are encountering greater diversity of others in everyday life.
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