Interlingual machine translation is one of the classic approaches to machine translation. At one of the rare occasions when intralingual translation is commented on in translation literature, Steiner (1975: 260-61) pointed out that the two kinds of translation raise issues of the same order and are, at crucial points, similar. This type of translation is often considered the hardest or most comprehensive, as the translator . They were soon to be married. It is not a shame for a translator in so doing; instead, this process indicates expertise, sincerity, and responsibility. interlingual and intersemiotic. We offer a diverse selection of courses from leading universities and cultural institutions from around the world. The numbers refer to the verse numbers. The New Testament in everyday Danish from 1985/2002 (the five verses analysed are exactly the same in both editions) resembles the authorised version from 1948 (and the one from 1992) in both length and content. We can all, Im sure, think of multiple terms to describe human excrement and if they dont come to mind, do ask your nearest 5-6 year olds and youll have a full list in no time but in his exploration of the language of landscape, nature writer Robert MacFarlane unearthed a surprising number of forgotten English terms for animal dung. Interlingual translation, or translation proper, is seen naturally enough also by translation scholars as the classic, prototypical kind of translation and many scholars even want to limit research to very restricted definitions of translation proper (Tymoczko 2005: 1096, footnote 3). As argued above, these activities share family resemblances with translation proper, but is it possible to get closer to a more detailed account of their general characteristics? Unlike translation proper, intralingual translation is a rewriting or paraphrasing within the same language system. How to Use Pull Quotes to Add Visual Flare to Articles, How to Use Google Translate to Teach English, Body Language in the Communication Process, What Is Parsing? ZethsenUniversity of Aarhus, Aarhus, Denmarkkkz@asb.dk, An article of the journal In order to simplify, the text may also be heavily paraphrased or restructured. resembles the challenge within intralingual translation of transmitting the same message in the linguistic style of another genre e.g. To be taxed with Mary his espoused wife, being great with child. This is especially true when a nation is weak and backward. It would furthermore be interesting to investigate who carry out intralingual translations in real life, what kind of source texts they are based on and in which ways the relationship between the source text and the target text may differ between intralingual and interlingual translation? For a number of years I have carried out research within medical expert-to-layman communication (in addition to my work within translation proper) and as a translation scholar been intrigued by the many similarities between interlingual and intralingual translation. [] to be taxed in the city from which their people originally came. The changes made centre around the level of background knowledge and ability of comprehension of the target group. An example could be a student who is asked to rewrite an essay and make it more formal, more academic. Viborg: Scandinavia. Og det skete, medens de var der, kom tiden, da hun skulle fde. In practice, we see many kinds of intralingual translation; numerous varieties of expert-to-layman communication, easy-readers for children, subtitling for the deaf, summaries, some kinds of news reporting, new translations of classics, etc. The target group is adults who find the authorised version too difficult or stilted. The first is its referential function. On the face of it, the main difference between the two kinds of translation is the involvement in interlingual translation of two different national languages. What does intralingual mean? Here the source text can be described in words and then 'translated' into an image or visual narrative that may release a similar message as the original words while also creating new meanings and associations. These are all belonging to different British dialects, most are archaic and no longer in use, but they all display different shades of meaning that make them unique: Besides making for interesting conversation starters (perhaps not over dinner though! Kakridis (1901-92), who, for the first time, wrote a book entitled The Translation Problem (To Metafrastiko Provlima). Intralingual Translation: An Attempt at Description. Intralingual definition: (linguistics, translation studies) Contained within the same language ; involving a monolingual process. Archive 2007-07-01. An example of Hindi-Urdu scriptural translation is shown in Figure 1. 11. The changes made centre around the level of background knowledge and ability of comprehension of the target group. Not surprisingly, the Danish authorised version from 1992 resembles the authorised version from 1948. Do the strategies applied by students differ from those applied by professionals? .." (Lawrence Venuti, The Translator's Invisibility: A History of Translation. On the basis of these insights, I attempted to set up an alternative definition of translation which is able to contain a wide range of translational phenomena, including that of intralingual translation, but which is still narrow enough to be meaningful to the field of translation studies. I think it is possible to describe translation (and not finitely define it) by means of Jakobsons three dimensions in combination with Tourys more specific description of a source text and a transfer. Early in this small childrens version we are also told that Joseph and Maria tried to find somewhere to stay, but that there was not room in any of the houses (Josef og Maria forsgte at finde et sted, hvor de kunne vaere, men der var ikke plads i et eneste af husene), though the 1948 version does not give this information until the last sentence where we are told that Maria laid her son in a manger because there was no room for them in the inn.. Literary Translation (see for example Kindlepreneur.) Newmarks definition (1999) is very narrow indeed; it includes only translation proper and strongly relies on the much criticised concept of equivalence (Snell-Hornby 1988; Zethsen 2004). Highly functional translations (which meet skopoi which differ greatly from those of the source texts), localisation, prcis-writing, expert-to-layman communication, etc. The barrier is the obvious fact that one language differs from the other [] Exactly the same model and this is what is rarely stressed is operative within a single language. Furthermore, the need for translation within the same language is also indicative of the richness of perspectives, knowledge and cultures that exist within our linguistic traditions (however forgotten). The empirical work of this article is considered as a first attempt of a concrete, general description of the characteristics of and the microstrategies involved in intralingual translation. When planning this case study, a number of different examples of intralingual translation were considered. The examples analysed below also demonstrate that new methods for investigating intersemiotic translation are required: in this case, purpose-built software applications for text, image and video analysis are demonstrated to handle the complexity and multi-level nature of multimodal semiosis. (Munday, Citation2009:201) The Short Stories of Shakespeare in UK is just an example. The target group for this text is children from 3 to 5 years old. In Denmark, and presumably in many other countries, there is an ever-increasing demand that expert knowledge be made accessible to the general public. Arguing against the classical theory of categorisation, which involves shared properties as conditions for category membership, strictly objective conditions for category membership and clear boundaries between categories, i.e., no borderline cases (in logic the specification of necessary and/or sufficient conditions is used to determine category membership, to provide precise definitions), Wittgenstein introduced the very pragmatic and empirically-based (that is, not on formal logic) open concept of family resemblances (also called the cluster concept) and argued that this is what unites the category of game, for instance (Wittgenstein 1953/1958: section 66-67). Secondly and because of the purpose of simplification, the microstrategies applied in intralingual translation (the additions, omissions, restructuring, etc.) However, there are lots of less obvious examples, especially when it comes to ambiguous or idiomatic sentences, such as sayings, which are often hard to translate The analyses suggest that intralingual translation is generally motivated by one or more of the key parameters; knowledge, time, culture, and space. You can read FutureLearn's Cookie policy here. The analyses on which this article is based were carried out on a limited number of texts and the characteristics found cannot necessarily be generalised to all kinds of intralingual translation. It can be seen that instead of the word "play", English has specific words . Les similarits aussi bien que les diffrences entre reformulation et traduction proprement dite seront discutes, la conclusion tant que les diffrences entre traductions intralinguale et interlinguale semblent tre une question de degr plus que de nature. Halliday and the context of situation: Halliday sees language as a social semiotic, that is a vital part of social life and enables people to exchange meaning and function in the society. However, nothing in the description should be considered necessary or sufficient to define translation. An alternative definition starting from Tourys three postulates was suggested, but inspired by Tymoczko[3] (1998, 2005) relying on Wittgensteins theory of family resemblances (1953/1958) and Roschs protypology (1973). The New York Times, Oct. 2, 2010), "Just as there are no exact synonyms within a language ('big' does not mean precisely the same as 'large'), there are no exact matches for words or expressions across languages. In translation studies, a distinction can be made between interlingual translation and intralingual translation, depending on whether translation occurs between two languages or in one language. The parameter of time is of course related to the parameters of culture and knowledge, but in this case it is the diachronic factor which results in the lack of knowledge or cultural understanding; this is the reason for the new authorised version from 1992, for example, and is an important element in the everyday version (even in cases where a reader is able to read and understand the old authorised version from 1948, it will take him less time to process the everyday version). Registered in England & Wales No. See also Weissbrod (2004: 27) on translation/transfer over time. The purpose of this study is to help provide insights into this area of translation studies by studying the way scientific texts are adapted to popular texts. Recommended articles lists articles that we recommend and is powered by our AI driven recommendation engine. If we regard translation as a cluster concept, i.e., as an open concept, our requirements for category membership do not take the form of necessary conditions, but family resemblances; sometimes overall similarities, sometimes similarities of detail which overlap and criss-cross (Wittgenstein 1953/1958: section 66-67) in the same way as resemblances between members of a family. Learn more about how FutureLearn is transforming access to education. The professional translator and cultural mediator of today needs a large number of skills to qualify as an expert for interlingual and intercultural communication (Snell-Hornby 1999: 164). The picture Bible for very small children from 1991 is naturally very different from the 1948 authorised version, but in many ways resembles the family Bible for children from 1973 as regards explanations, explicitations, lexical and syntactical simplification, the addition of pictures as well as textual additions to enhance childrens comprehension of and interest in the text (with one exception though: all additions are factual, i.e., objective). However, the extension also comes from subjective additions to the text, presumably to make it come more alive to children, but also in a few instances to vent the translators own views. Mllehave, Johannes (1991): Alle brns Bibel. Then, it provides instances of intralingual translation from various disciplines and analyzes them from a functional and cognitive perspective. For explanatory purposes, Jakobsons definition sets the two kinds of translation apart (though both are defined as examples of a translational activity). The reader is the least tortured of this trio, but the reader too may very well feel that he is missing something in the book, that through sheer ineptitude he is failing to be a proper vessel for the books overarching vision." Jakobson argued for a broad, inclusive definition of translation as a phenomenon fundamental to all language transactions. Munday argues that intralingual translation is used to achieve an easier reading for children. These are delivered one step at a time, and are accessible on mobile, tablet and desktop, so you can fit learning around your life. In addition, this may entail that there is also more room for interpretation, and perhaps even a certain degree of subjectivity, in intralingual translation (the extremely subjective additions in the family Bible would certainly not be deemed acceptable in interlingual translation, but probably not in the majority of intralingual translations either! (Yang Zijian, Citation2005:62). These factors are: These four factors are not listed according to importance, as that depends on the kind of intralingual translation. Practically all information has been transferred, but the order of the information has been changed in quite a few instances and pictures have been added. London and Cambridge: The MIT Press. The next sections present a closer look at each of the parameters. P-nr: 1013139411, EAN-nr: 5798000418363 The word "translation" can be defined as: An individual or a computer program that renders a text into another language is called a translator. intralingual Definitions (linguistics, translation studies) Contained within the same language; involving a monolingual process adjective (linguistics, translation studies) grammar Contained within the same language; involving a monolingual process grammar intralingual ( not comparable) intralingual ( not comparable) Examples Stem In principle, functional translation theory has narrowed the gap between intralingual and interlingual translation. Taking China as an example, the intralingual translation was used for the construction of modern vernacular. Interlingual translation - translating verbal signs into other signs of a different language. In theory, translation studies does not exclude intralingual translation, but de facto empirical studies or discussions on the subject of intralingual translation are few and far between. The implication is that translation is a component in all language transactions and Jakobson divides these transactions into three kinds of translation or ways of interpreting a verbal sign: intralingual translation or rewording is an interpretation of verbal signs by means of other signs of the same language; interlingual translation or translation proper is an interpretation of verbal signs by means of some other language; intersemiotic translation or transmutation is an interpretation of verbal signs by means of signs of nonverbal sign systems. However, I have never seen a detailed, empirically-based attempt to describe the general characteristics of intralingual translation and the strategies employed or compare it with interlingual translation. A good sample is Bangqing Hans Sing-song Girls of Shanghai. However, it is not a mere linguistic transfer. Jakobson builds on Pierces theory of signs and meaning and postulates that the meaning of any linguistic sign is its translation into some further, alternative sign (Jakobson 1959/2000: 114). It differs from general transliteration in various aspects. A legendary story in dialects has finally been developed into the legendary world of intralingual, interlingual and inter-semiotic translations. Examples Intralingual translation occurs when we produce a summary or otherwise rewrite a text in same language, say a children's version of an encyclopedia. The aim of this version is to get even very young children to understand and take an interest in the main message of the text. Nu elskede Maria en mand, som hed Josef. Nevertheless, conclusive findings have yet to be reached regarding the effectiveness of integrating subtitles into L2 classrooms. Words are untranslateable because [they] do not exist in a flat, alphabetised dictionary style list, but rather in a richly structured taxonomy of meaning. People also read lists articles that other readers of this article have read. Old and complex expressions are replaced by simpler contemporary ones. But our tongue lacks the economy of information packaging found in Tofa, a nearly extinct tongue I studied in Siberia. Modernity confirms the promise of scientific reason to unmask irrational forces and point to the way to necessary social change. (Alan Swingewood,Citation1998:140) Besides other functions, intralingual translation was used for constructing a nations vernacular. Multimodal approaches to intersemiotic translation Cookies collect information about your preferences and your devices and are used to make the site work as you expect it to, to understand how you interact with the site, and to show advertisements that are targeted to your interests. It should be emphasized that it is an attempt, at a more detailed general description as there is not much theory or any empirical studies to lean on. It is interesting to see how many of the microstrategies applied in the intralingual Bible translations resemble those commonly used when carrying out interlingual translation. This definition is quite clear, but unlike the case of translation proper where numerous efforts are made to further define and exemplify what constitutes translation proper in the real world, it is not possible to find more than stray sentences as regards intralingual translation. Or the translation is not in writing, but takes place automatically while we read and process the old text as Steiner (1975: 28) argues.[13]. Consider this parodic intralingual translation by Alistair . The content has remained constant both denotatively and connotatively. Cookies at au.dk Intralingual translations instigated by the parameter of time (diachronic translations) are typically new and more contemporary translations of classical texts (religious texts, literature): Every generation retranslates the classics, out of a vital compulsion for immediacy and precise echo (Steiner 1975: 29-30). In my view, translators are excellently equipped to carry out this kind of intralingual translation because of the many similarities with interlingual translation. Unlike the other versions, the New Testament in everyday Danish has a preface in which the translators explain their strategy: You cannot blindly translate from source language to target language without disturbing the original meaning. To learn about our use of cookies and how you can manage your cookie settings, please see our Cookie Policy. Novices (second-semester MA students of specialized translation or journalism ), Experienced text producers (at least five years of experience), Intralingual vs. Interlingual translaiton. Intersemiotic translation - translation of the verbal sign by a non-verbal sign, for example, music or image. The authorised versions in Danish which have been produced through the times are translated from Greek (New Testament) and Hebrew (Old Testament), but the translators quite naturally consult translations into e.g. It cannot be entirely ruled out that intralingual translation in some instances may go from simple to more complex. Modern high-tech society with its international cooperation and intercultural communication in business as well as in political and cultural life has led to demands for many different kinds of translation or translation-like activities which often exceed the boundaries of what translation theory traditionally terms translation proper. Translation (whether interlingual, intralingual or intersemiotic) is seen as part of the semiotic concept of transfer and special focus is on transfer from one culture to another. On the basis of the above, I therefore encourage translation scholars to carry out research within the field. To grasp the intralingual translation of the word Ereignis as Heidegger translates this word into the prefix Er- and the construct eignis, we must bear in mind that this translation does not take its orientation from a dictionary. For the sake of comparison, a general description of . This sentence is originally from the first verse. I have chosen to analyse and compare four different Danish versions of five verses from Luke chapter 2 with the Danish authorised 1948 version and this is how they read in the King James version (a 1986 edition[6]): And all went to be taxed, every one into his own city. In some examples, the translation is not idiomatic, but direct, in order to illustrate what has taken place. The third function of intralingual translation, proposed by Xuanmin Luo at the Bogacizi conference in 2014, is the function of shaping a nations modernity, which is a structural concept dealing with the transformation of whole societies, ideologies, social structure and culture. They are defined by their oppositions to and similarities to multiple other words--in other words, the cultural backdrop." The four intralingual translations into Danish are the following in chronological order: A family picture Bible from 1973[7] (236 words), A picture Bible for very small children from 1991[8] (158 words), The Danish authorised version from 1992 (88 words), The New Testament in everyday Danish from 1985/2002[9] (89 words). A translator can take, in this case, the advantage of previous intralingual translations as a remedy for his interpretation of classic Chinese texts. In this video lecture, we will study the difference b/w interlingual and intralingual translation. lingual translation. Some time later we have a translator struggling to approximate the vision, not to mention the particulars of language and voice, of the text that lies before him. Sharing the same function as interlingual translation, its performances can be ideological and historical. no longer tolerate incomprehensible expert texts. seem to be much more radical than what is seen in the majority of interlingual translations where I would like to think that intralingual skills are included in the term intercultural communication, if we do not limit our definition of intercultural to mainly a question of national culture (see Zethsen 2010 forthcoming). This article argues for the proper inclusion of intralingual translation on the grounds of its many similarities with interlingual translation. . technical writing, or desktop publishing? and whether this means that we would have to redefine the very notion of translation. This article argues for the proper inclusion of intralingual translation on the grounds of its many similarities with interlingual translation. Intralingual translations instigated by the parameter of culture (intercultural translations) could typically be an American version of an English book (as is the case with Harry Potter, for instance, which has been published in a special American edition replacing cultural words like biscuits, football, Mummy, rounders and sherbet lemons with cookies, soccer, Mommy, baseball and lemon drops [Hatim and Munday 2004: 4-5]). Nordquist, Richard. (*date) I will *keep money for a house. Tymoczko (1998, 2005) is not particularly concerned with intralingual translation, but her arguments for a broad perception of translation are very relevant. Tourys definition is likely to exclude many intralingual (or intersemiotic) translations, not because of his three postulates, which themselves rely on open concepts, namely source text, transfer and intertextual relationship, but because of two necessary conditions; to constitute a translation a transfer process must have taken place between two languages/cultures and most importantly the resulting product must be assumed to be a translation by people in general. A British book, then, can be foreign for American readers. It was Eileen Chang ( who turned this novel in Wu dialect into modern Chinese vernacular, with different book titles as The Flowers in Blossom and The Fall of the Flowers. . Where does translation stop and something else take over, e.g. I can express the notion 'four year old male uncastrated domesticated reindeer' in English. In other words, Newmarks definition leaves no room for changing skopoi or intralingual translation and it implies that the field of translation studies is not open to insights originating from other kinds of translation than translation proper. The productive function of translation, which creates new meanings alongside transferring them from the source text, is also evident in the third type of translation outlined by Roman Jakobson: intersemiotic translation, or translation between media or sign systems. To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below: Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content? In the latter case, the aim of the intralingual translation is no longer merely comprehension of the factual content of the text there is also an element of expressivity/persuasion. Definition and Examples in English Grammar, Definition and Examples of Text Linguistics, Ph.D., Rhetoric and English, University of Georgia, M.A., Modern English and American Literature, University of Leicester, B.A., English, State University of New York, The process of turning an original or "source". The aim is to make the text understandable and interesting especially to the young members of a family.[10]. The source texts in this case can be a classic text, or text in dialect which, for its peculiar pronunciation and expressions, was only easily understood by its local neighborhood. a comparative analysis of strategies in text production. Intuitively even laymen would know what a translation is and would probably define it in a way which corresponds to the prototypical translation proper in Jakobsons terminology. In the English-speaking world the authoritative version is the King James Bible from 1611 (basically unrevised from that date if spelling and punctuation is discounted, see Nicolson 2003/2004) and in Denmark the first authorised version of the New Testament translated from Greek came in 1907 though the most influential work in Danish Bible translation is the resen-svanningske translation from 1647 on which the authorised version is based (Jeppesen 1990: 18) (the 1907 authorised version has since been revised in 1948[4] and 1992[5]). USA: Sesam. Close attention has been paid to the authorised version, no major additions or paraphrasing have taken place, though some explicitation has been made (objective additions). FG (functional grammar) looks at how language works, of great importance is the . For example, any modern rendition of Chaucer's Canterbury Tales had to be translated from Middle English (provided it is not a translation of a translation). This relationship can take many forms and by no means rests on the concept of equivalence, but rather on the skopos of the target text. The main obstacle to communication in interlingual translation, and thus the reason for the translational activity, is the fact that the target group of the translation would not understand the linguistic code in which the source text is written. Intralingual translation Qubecois - French SL = TL Malay - Indonesian SW = TW Scriptural translation Transliteration Transcription . This line of thought was further elaborated by Steiner in 1975. These three kinds of translation are to be differently labeled: 1) Intralingual translation or rewording is an interpretation of verbal signs by means of other signs of the same language, 2) . My alternative definition is open and inherently non-finite and is an attempt to define the discipline of translation studies as an open field which relies on an open, inherently non-finite, yet describable concept and not on necessary or sufficient conditions or audience assumptions. The problem of synonymy in interlingual translation (how to establish the meaning of and choose between synonyms, whether to make use of loan words or calques, etc.) In my view neither of these two requirements are necessary conditions for a document/product to constitute a translation and they would effectively exclude all intralingual translation. Even-Zohar (in Weissbrod 2004: 24) argues that there is no benefit in dealing with one phenomenon (translation) as if it were detached from other phenomena when it is not. And Gambier (1992: 308) takes a similar view: Enfin, il oblige reposer la ncessit prtendue dune thorie de la traduction, autonome, spare de la thorisation des autres processus interactionnels (intralinguistiques).. In the practical and especially the didactic world, a too narrow definition of the field only sets an artificial boundary for translators and the jobs they see themselves as able to carry out. A transfer has taken place and the target text has been derived from the source text (resulting in a new product in another language, genre or medium), i.e. Again Steiner builds on Jakobson who also discussed, for instance, the fact that the challenge of synonymy in intralingual translation resembles the challenge of equivalence in interlingual translation (Jakobson 1959/2000: 114; Shuttleworth 1997: 88; Dam-Jensen and Zethsen, 2008).
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